1. What are the most popular modes of public transportation in the United Kingdom?
The most popular modes of public transportation in the United Kingdom include:
1. Bus: Buses are a widely used mode of transportation in the UK, connecting urban and rural areas across the country. They are relatively affordable and accessible, making them a popular choice for commuters and travelers alike.
2. Train: The UK has an extensive railway network, with train services operated by several companies such as National Rail, London Overground, and more. Trains are a popular choice for longer journeys between cities and regions, offering speed and comfort for passengers.
3. Tube (London Underground): The London Underground, also known as the Tube, is a vital part of the public transportation system in the capital city. It serves millions of passengers daily, providing a quick and efficient way to navigate London’s busy streets.
4. Tram: Some cities in the UK, such as Manchester and Birmingham, have tram systems that offer an alternative mode of transportation for commuters within urban areas. Trams are convenient for short to medium-distance travel, particularly in city centers.
Overall, these modes of public transportation play a crucial role in facilitating travel within the United Kingdom, catering to the diverse needs of residents and visitors across different regions.
2. How has the transportation system in the UK evolved over time?
The transportation system in the UK has evolved significantly over time to meet the growing demands of a modern society. Some key ways in which the system has evolved include:
1. Railway development: The UK was one of the first countries to develop a comprehensive railway network during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. This network expanded rapidly, connecting major cities and towns across the country and revolutionizing travel.
2. Introduction of the London Underground: The world’s first underground railway, the London Underground, opened in 1863 and provided a new mode of transportation for the residents of London. It has since expanded to become one of the largest and busiest metro systems in the world.
3. Growth of bus services: Bus services have long been a crucial mode of transportation in the UK, providing essential links to areas not served by rail. The development of bus routes, schedules, and infrastructure has been an integral part of the evolution of the transportation system.
4. Introduction of trams and light rail: Trams were once a common sight in many UK cities before falling out of favor in the mid-20th century. However, in recent years, there has been a resurgence in the popularity of trams and light rail systems, with new networks being developed in cities like Manchester and Birmingham.
Overall, the transportation system in the UK has evolved to incorporate a mix of modes including railways, buses, underground systems, trams, and cycling infrastructure to provide efficient and sustainable options for travel across the country.
3. What are some of the major cities in the UK with the best public transportation networks?
1. London is undoubtedly one of the major cities in the UK with the best public transportation networks. The London Underground, also known as the Tube, is one of the oldest and most extensive metro systems in the world, covering a vast area of Greater London with 11 lines and over 250 stations. In addition to the Underground, London also boasts an extensive bus network run by Transport for London, as well as the iconic red double-decker buses and black cabs.
2. Manchester is another city in the UK with a well-developed public transportation system. The Metrolink tram network connects various parts of Greater Manchester, making it convenient for residents and visitors to travel across the city. In addition to the trams, Manchester also has a comprehensive bus network operated by several companies, providing easy access to different areas of the city.
3. Birmingham, the second-largest city in the UK, also has a strong public transportation network. The West Midlands Railway connects Birmingham to surrounding areas through its train services, while the Midland Metro tram system provides efficient transport within the city. Birmingham also has an extensive bus network operated by National Express West Midlands, offering a convenient way to get around the city.
Overall, these major cities in the UK stand out for their well-connected and reliable public transportation networks, making it easier for residents and visitors to navigate the urban areas efficiently.
4. How does the UK compare to other European countries in terms of public transportation infrastructure?
The UK public transportation infrastructure can be considered extensive and well-developed compared to some other European countries, but it falls short in certain aspects. Here are some key points to consider when comparing the UK to other European countries:
1. Efficiency: The UK transportation network, particularly in major cities like London, is known for its efficiency and regularity of services. However, other European countries such as Germany and Switzerland are also highly regarded for their punctuality and reliability of public transportation systems.
2. Coverage: The UK has a relatively comprehensive public transportation network, with buses, trains, trams, and the London Underground serving various regions. In comparison, countries like the Netherlands and Denmark have highly integrated networks that cover a larger percentage of the population.
3. Investment: The UK has faced challenges in terms of underinvestment in its public transportation infrastructure, resulting in issues such as overcrowding and delays. In contrast, countries like France and Spain have made significant investments in high-speed rail and modernizing their transportation systems.
4. Sustainability: The UK has been making efforts to improve the sustainability of its public transportation, with initiatives such as increasing the use of electric buses and investing in cleaner technologies. Countries like Sweden and Norway are considered leaders in sustainable transport solutions, with a focus on reducing emissions and promoting eco-friendly modes of transportation.
Overall, while the UK has a strong public transportation infrastructure compared to some European countries, there are areas where it lags behind in terms of efficiency, coverage, investment, and sustainability. By learning from the successes of other European countries and prioritizing improvements in these areas, the UK can further enhance its public transportation system for the benefit of its residents and the environment.
5. What are the main challenges facing public transportation in the UK?
The main challenges facing public transportation in the UK include:
1. Funding: Adequate funding is crucial to maintain and improve public transportation services in the UK. Limited government funding coupled with increasing costs of operations and infrastructure maintenance pose a significant challenge for public transport providers.
2. Capacity and overcrowding: Many public transport services in the UK, especially in major cities like London, face issues of overcrowding and lack of capacity during peak hours. This impacts the quality of service, passenger comfort, and overall efficiency of the transportation system.
3. Infrastructure and maintenance: Aging infrastructure, including tracks, stations, and vehicles, requires significant investment for upgrades and maintenance. Lack of modernization can lead to service disruptions, delays, and safety concerns for passengers.
4. Integration and connectivity: Seamless integration between different modes of public transport, such as buses, trains, and trams, is essential for a smooth and efficient transportation network. Improving connectivity and providing better transfer options between modes remains a challenge in many parts of the UK.
5. Environmental sustainability: Public transportation plays a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable travel. However, the industry faces pressure to reduce its environmental impact further, including transitioning to greener technologies and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
Addressing these challenges requires collaboration between government authorities, transport providers, and stakeholders to invest in modernization, improve services, enhance connectivity, and promote sustainability in the public transportation sector in the UK.
6. What role does the government play in overseeing and funding public transportation in the UK?
The government in the UK plays a crucial role in overseeing and funding public transportation to ensure efficient and reliable services for the public.
1. Regulation: The government sets regulations and standards for public transportation providers to ensure the safety and quality of services. This includes rules on vehicle maintenance, driver training, and accessibility for passengers with disabilities.
2. Funding: The government provides financial support to public transportation operators through various means, including subsidies, grants, and investment in infrastructure projects. This funding is essential for maintaining and improving services, particularly in less profitable rural or remote areas.
3. Policy Development: The government shapes policies that influence the direction of public transportation, such as promoting sustainable travel options, reducing carbon emissions, and addressing congestion in urban areas. These policies guide long-term planning and investment in the sector.
4. Infrastructure Development: The government invests in developing and maintaining public transportation infrastructure, such as railways, bus lanes, and cycle paths, to enhance connectivity and encourage the use of public transport.
5. Franchising: In England, the government awards franchises to private train operators to run passenger services on specific routes. Through this franchising system, the government can set service requirements, fares, and quality standards to meet the needs of passengers.
6. Coordination: The government plays a role in coordinating public transportation services across different modes of transport, such as trains, buses, trams, and ferries, to provide integrated and seamless travel options for passengers.
Overall, the government’s oversight and funding of public transportation in the UK are essential for ensuring that a comprehensive and efficient network is in place to serve the needs of the public and support the country’s economic development.
7. How important is sustainability and environmental impact in the UK’s transportation policies?
Sustainability and environmental impact are extremely important in the UK’s transportation policies. The government has made commitments to reduce emissions and improve air quality, with transport being a significant contributor to carbon emissions. To address this, various initiatives have been implemented, such as promoting the use of public transport, cycling, and walking, as well as encouraging the adoption of electric vehicles. Additionally, there are plans to invest in cleaner public transport options, such as electric buses and trains. The UK has set ambitious targets to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, and transportation plays a vital role in meeting this goal. By prioritizing sustainability and environmental impact in transportation policies, the UK aims to create a greener and more efficient transport network for future generations.
8. What are some of the latest technological advancements being implemented in UK public transportation?
Some of the latest technological advancements being implemented in UK public transportation include:
1. Contactless Payment Systems: Many public transport operators in the UK now offer contactless payment options, making it easier for passengers to pay for their fares using contactless cards or mobile devices.
2. Real-time Passenger Information: Advances in GPS technology and data analytics have enabled transport authorities to provide real-time information on arrival times, delays, and service disruptions to passengers via mobile apps and digital displays at stations and bus stops.
3. Electric Buses: As part of efforts to reduce carbon emissions and improve air quality, many UK cities are introducing electric buses into their public transportation fleets. These buses are more environmentally friendly and quieter than traditional diesel buses.
4. Wi-Fi and Connectivity: To enhance the passenger experience, some public transport services in the UK now offer complimentary Wi-Fi onboard buses and trains, allowing passengers to stay connected while they travel.
5. Smart Ticketing Systems: Smart ticketing systems, such as Oyster cards in London, are becoming increasingly popular across the UK. These systems enable passengers to top up their cards online, easily access different modes of transport, and benefit from discounts and fare capping.
Overall, these technological advancements are aimed at improving the efficiency, convenience, and sustainability of public transportation in the UK.
9. How do UK residents typically pay for public transportation fares?
UK residents typically pay for public transportation fares through the following methods:
1. Contactless Payment: One of the most popular ways to pay for transportation fares in the UK is through contactless cards or mobile payment methods such as Apple Pay or Google Pay. This method is widely accepted across buses, trams, trains, and the London Underground, providing a convenient and efficient way to pay for fares without the need for cash.
2. Oyster Card: In London, the Oyster card is a common method of payment for public transportation. It is a smart card that can be topped up with credit and used across various modes of transport in the city, offering discounted fares compared to cash payments.
3. Travelcards and Season Tickets: UK residents who use public transportation frequently may opt to purchase travelcards or season tickets, which allow for unlimited travel within certain zones or for a specific duration. These tickets offer cost savings for regular commuters and are a convenient option for those who use public transport daily.
Overall, the availability of contactless payment options, smart cards like Oyster, and the flexibility of travelcards make it convenient for UK residents to pay for public transportation fares in a way that suits their travel needs and preferences.
10. What are some of the most iconic landmarks in the UK that can be easily accessed via public transportation?
1. Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament – The iconic clock tower of Big Ben is a symbol of London and a must-see landmark for visitors to the UK. Situated right next to the Houses of Parliament, these historic buildings are easily accessible via public transportation. The nearest underground station is Westminster, and several bus routes also stop nearby.
2. The Tower of London – Another iconic landmark in London that can be easily reached using public transportation is the Tower of London. This historic castle on the banks of the River Thames is accessible via Tower Hill underground station and various bus routes that stop nearby.
3. Buckingham Palace – The official residence of the British monarch, Buckingham Palace is a top tourist attraction in the UK. Situated in central London, the palace is easily accessible via public transportation, with the nearest underground station being Victoria.
4. Edinburgh Castle – In Scotland, Edinburgh Castle is a prominent landmark that can be easily accessed via public transportation. The castle is located on Castle Rock in the heart of Edinburgh, with several bus routes stopping nearby and Waverley train station within walking distance.
5. Stonehenge – A prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, Stonehenge is another iconic landmark in the UK that is accessible by public transportation. Visitors can take a bus from Salisbury to the Stonehenge Visitor Centre, where shuttle buses run to the stone circle.
These are just a few examples of iconic landmarks in the UK that can be easily accessed via public transportation, making them convenient and popular destinations for both locals and tourists alike.
11. How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted public transportation ridership and operations in the UK?
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on public transportation ridership and operations in the UK. Here are several ways in which it has affected the industry:
1. Decreased Ridership: With lockdowns, social distancing measures, and work-from-home policies in place, public transportation ridership in the UK has significantly decreased. People are traveling less for work, leisure, and other purposes, leading to a sharp decline in passenger numbers across various modes of transportation like buses, trains, and trams.
2. Financial Challenges: The decrease in ridership has led to financial challenges for public transportation operators in the UK. Reduced fares and subsidies coupled with increased costs for cleaning and safety measures have placed strain on the financial viability of many transit agencies.
3. Service Reductions: To cope with the lower demand and financial pressures, many public transportation providers in the UK have had to reduce service frequencies, routes, and operating hours. This has impacted commuters who rely on these services, especially essential workers and those without access to private vehicles.
4. Safety Measures: Public transportation operators have implemented various safety measures to protect both passengers and staff from the spread of the virus. These include mandatory mask-wearing, increased cleaning protocols, social distancing measures, and limits on passenger capacity.
Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted public transportation in the UK, leading to decreased ridership, financial challenges, service reductions, and the implementation of safety measures to adapt to the new normal.
12. Are there any upcoming major public transportation projects or initiatives in the UK?
Yes, there are several upcoming major public transportation projects and initiatives in the UK that aim to improve the country’s public transport infrastructure and services. Some of the notable projects include:
1. HS2 (High Speed 2): HS2 is a high-speed railway project that aims to connect London to major cities in the North of England, such as Birmingham, Manchester, and Leeds. The project will significantly reduce journey times and increase capacity on the rail network.
2. Crossrail: The Crossrail project, also known as the Elizabeth Line, is a new railway line that will run east to west through London, connecting Reading and Heathrow in the west to Shenfield and Abbey Wood in the east. Once completed, Crossrail will improve connectivity across the city and alleviate congestion on existing transport routes.
3. Northern Powerhouse Rail: This project aims to improve rail connections between cities in the North of England, such as Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, and Sheffield. The initiative seeks to boost economic growth in the region and enhance connectivity for both passengers and freight.
These projects represent a significant investment in the UK’s public transportation infrastructure and are expected to bring about positive impacts on both commuters and the economy.
13. What are the different regional transportation authorities in the UK and how do they coordinate services?
In the United Kingdom, the regional transportation authorities play a crucial role in ensuring efficient and coordinated public transit services across different areas. Some of the key regional transportation authorities include:
1. Transport for London (TfL): TfL is responsible for the majority of public transportation services in London, including the Underground, buses, trams, and river services.
2. Transport for Greater Manchester (TfGM): TfGM oversees public transportation services in Greater Manchester, including buses, trams, and cycling infrastructure.
3. Transport for West Midlands (TfWM): TfWM is the transport authority responsible for coordinating public transportation services in the West Midlands region, including buses, trains, and trams.
4. Merseytravel: Merseytravel is the transport executive for the Liverpool City Region, responsible for managing public transportation services, including buses, trains, and ferries.
These regional transportation authorities work together to coordinate services through various mechanisms:
a. Joint ticketing schemes: Regional transportation authorities often collaborate on integrated ticketing systems that allow passengers to use multiple modes of transport with a single ticket.
b. Service coordination: Authorities coordinate bus and train schedules to provide seamless connections for passengers transferring between different modes of transport.
c. Infrastructure planning: Regional authorities work together to plan and develop transportation infrastructure such as new rail lines, bus lanes, and cycle routes to improve connectivity and accessibility.
d. Data sharing: Authorities share data on passenger numbers, journey patterns, and service performance to identify areas for improvement and optimize services.
Overall, these regional transportation authorities play a critical role in ensuring a well-connected and efficient public transportation network across different regions in the UK.
14. How accessible is public transportation in the UK for individuals with disabilities or special needs?
Public transportation in the UK is typically quite accessible for individuals with disabilities or special needs, with efforts made to ensure inclusivity and ease of travel for all passengers. Here are some key points regarding the accessibility of public transportation in the UK for individuals with disabilities or special needs:
1. Legislation: The UK has comprehensive legislation in place, such as the Equality Act 2010, which aims to protect individuals from discrimination and ensure equal access to services, including public transport.
2. Accessible infrastructure: Many public transportation options in the UK, including buses, trains, and trams, have features such as ramps, priority seating, and audio-visual announcements to assist individuals with disabilities.
3. Assistance services: Transport for London (TfL) provides services such as the “Turn-Up and Go” assistance scheme for disabled passengers who may need help navigating the transport network.
4. Blue Badge scheme: The Blue Badge scheme allows individuals with disabilities to park closer to their destination and may provide additional benefits when using public transport.
5. Awareness and training: Transport staff in the UK often receive training to assist passengers with disabilities or special needs, improving the overall experience for vulnerable individuals.
While public transportation in the UK is generally accessible, there is always room for improvement to ensure that all individuals have equal opportunities to travel and participate in society. Efforts are continually being made to enhance accessibility and inclusivity in the realm of public transport for individuals with disabilities or special needs.
15. What are the busiest train stations and bus terminals in the UK?
The United Kingdom boasts a range of busy train stations and bus terminals due to its extensive public transportation network. Some of the busiest train stations in the UK include:
1. Clapham Junction in London, often regarded as the busiest train station in the UK based on the number of passengers passing through annually.
2. London Waterloo, a vital hub for both domestic and international train services, sees a high volume of commuters and travelers daily.
3. London Victoria Station, serving as a major transport interchange in London, enjoys high traffic due to its connectivity with various transportation modes.
Regarding busy bus terminals in the UK:
1. Victoria Coach Station in London stands out as one of the busiest bus terminals in the country, facilitating a significant number of intercity and international coach services.
2. Buchanan Bus Station in Glasgow serves as a central hub for bus services in Scotland, witnessing a considerable flow of passengers daily.
3. Manchester Coach Station plays a crucial role in connecting various parts of the city and beyond, making it a prominent bus terminal in the UK.
These stations and terminals play critical roles in facilitating the movement of millions of passengers across the UK each year, highlighting their importance in the country’s public transportation system.
16. How does the UK rail network compare to other forms of public transportation in terms of speed and efficiency?
The UK rail network is generally considered to be one of the fastest and most efficient forms of public transportation in the country. Here are some key points comparing the UK rail network to other forms of public transportation:
1. Speed: Trains in the UK can reach high speeds, particularly on major intercity routes. High-speed rail services like the Eurostar can travel at speeds of up to 186 mph (300 km/h), connecting London with cities in France and Belgium in a matter of hours. This makes rail travel a competitive option for long-distance journeys compared to road travel or domestic flights.
2. Efficiency: The UK rail network is known for its reliability and frequency of services. Trains run frequently on most routes, with timetables that are generally adhered to, making it easier for passengers to plan their journeys. Additionally, many major cities and towns in the UK are well-connected by rail, providing a comprehensive network that serves a large portion of the population.
3. Integration: The UK rail network is also well-integrated with other forms of public transportation, such as buses, trams, and the London Underground. This connected network allows passengers to easily transfer between different modes of transport, providing a seamless and convenient travel experience.
Overall, the UK rail network offers a combination of speed, efficiency, and connectivity that makes it a popular choice for commuters and travelers alike. While there are certainly areas for improvement, such as overcrowding on some routes and issues with infrastructure maintenance, the rail network remains a vital component of the UK’s public transportation system.
17. What are some tips for tourists visiting the UK to navigate and utilize public transportation effectively?
For tourists visiting the UK, navigating and utilizing public transportation effectively can greatly enhance their overall experience. Here are some tips to help with this:
1. Plan Ahead: Before embarking on your journey, familiarize yourself with the public transport options available in the area you are visiting. Research routes, schedules, and fares to streamline your travel.
2. Get an Oyster Card (for London) or a Contactless Payment Card: These are convenient ways to pay for public transport in London and many other cities in the UK. They offer discounted fares and make hopping on and off buses and trains much quicker.
3. Use Transport Apps: Download transport apps such as Google Maps, Citymapper, or official transport apps to help you navigate the public transport networks efficiently. These apps provide real-time information on routes, schedules, and disruptions.
4. Mind the Gaps: Stand behind the yellow line on train platforms, wait for passengers to alight before boarding, and give up your seat to those who need it more than you.
5. Consider Rail Passes: If you plan to travel extensively across the UK, consider purchasing a BritRail pass or similar ticket options for unlimited train travel within a certain period.
6. Check for Travelcards: If you plan to travel around a specific area for a few days, consider purchasing a travelcard for unlimited travel on buses, trams, and trains within a designated zone.
7. Be Prepared for Delays: Public transport can be subject to delays, especially during peak hours. Allow extra time in your itinerary to account for any unforeseen disruptions.
8. Look Out for Offers: Keep an eye out for special offers, discounts, and group travel tickets to save money on your journeys.
9. Ask for Help: If you’re unsure about anything, don’t hesitate to ask station staff or fellow passengers for assistance. Most people are happy to help out lost tourists.
10. Stay Informed: Subscribe to travel alerts and announcements to stay informed about any disruptions, engineering works, or changes to public transport services during your stay.
By following these tips, tourists visiting the UK can navigate and utilize public transportation effectively, making their travel experiences more enjoyable and seamless.
18. What are the most scenic train routes in the UK that visitors should consider taking?
Several scenic train routes in the UK offer visitors breathtaking views of the countryside and coastline. Here are some of the most picturesque train journeys to consider:
1. The West Highland Line – Known for its stunning views of the Scottish Highlands, this route takes passengers through rugged landscapes, lochs, and mountains, including the iconic Glenfinnan Viaduct featured in the Harry Potter films.
2. The Settle-Carlisle Line – Running through the Yorkshire Dales and Cumbrian Fells, this route is famous for its dramatic landscapes, historic viaducts, and tunnels, offering passengers a glimpse of rural England at its finest.
3. The Cambrian Coast Line – Travelling along the Welsh coastline, this scenic route offers views of sandy beaches, towering cliffs, and the picturesque Cardigan Bay.
4. The North Wales Coast Line – Running between Crewe and Holyhead, this journey showcases the stunning beauty of Snowdonia National Park, as well as the charming seaside towns along the coast.
5. The East Coast Main Line – Connecting London to Edinburgh, this route passes through picturesque English countryside, the historic city of York, and the scenic Northumberland coast.
These are just a few examples of the many scenic train routes that the UK has to offer, providing visitors with an unforgettable way to experience the natural beauty of the country.
19. How does public transportation in the UK contribute to reducing traffic congestion and pollution in urban areas?
Public transportation in the UK plays a vital role in alleviating traffic congestion and reducing pollution in urban areas through various means:
1. Encouraging Modal Shift: Public transportation provides a convenient and affordable alternative to private cars, encouraging individuals to opt for buses, trains, trams, or subways instead of driving. This modal shift reduces the number of vehicles on the roads, subsequently decreasing traffic congestion and emissions.
2. Efficient use of Space: Public transport can move a large number of people efficiently, utilizing space more effectively than individual cars. Buses and trains can carry significantly more passengers than the equivalent number of cars, helping to optimize road capacity and reduce congestion.
3. Strategic Route Planning: Public transportation networks are designed to serve high-demand routes and key urban areas, helping to distribute passengers effectively and reduce crowded roadways. Well-planned routes and schedules can improve overall traffic flow in cities.
4. Emission Reduction: By promoting the use of electric or hybrid vehicles in their fleets, public transportation providers contribute to reducing air pollution in urban areas. Compared to traditional combustion engine cars, these vehicles emit fewer greenhouse gases and pollutants, resulting in cleaner air for residents.
5. Incentives for Car-Free Living: Many cities in the UK offer initiatives such as congestion charges, low-emission zones, and car-sharing schemes to discourage private car usage and promote the use of public transportation. These incentives further contribute to reducing traffic congestion and pollution in urban environments.
In conclusion, public transportation in the UK serves as a sustainable solution to mitigate the adverse effects of traffic congestion and pollution in urban areas by providing efficient, eco-friendly alternatives to private car travel.
20. What are some of the most popular day trips or excursions in the UK that can be easily accessed via public transportation?
1. Stonehenge: One of the most iconic and mysterious landmarks in the UK, Stonehenge is easily accessible via public transportation. Visitors can take a train from London to Salisbury and then catch a bus to the Stonehenge Visitor Centre.
2. Bath: Known for its stunning Georgian architecture and natural hot springs, Bath is a popular day trip destination from London. Trains from London Paddington station take just over 1.5 hours to reach Bath Spa station.
3. Oxford: Famous for its prestigious university and historic buildings, Oxford is also easily reachable by train from London. Trains from London Paddington or Marylebone stations take around an hour to reach Oxford station.
4. Cambridge: Another renowned university city, Cambridge is a short train ride away from London. Trains from London King’s Cross take around an hour to reach Cambridge station.
5. Brighton: A vibrant seaside town known for its pier, beach, and quirky shops, Brighton is a popular day trip destination from London. Trains from London Victoria or London Bridge stations take around an hour to reach Brighton station.
These are just a few examples of popular day trips in the UK that can be easily accessed via public transportation. Each of these destinations offers unique attractions and experiences, making them ideal choices for a day out exploring British culture and history.