1. What are the visa requirements for moving to Tanzania?
1. The visa requirements for moving to Tanzania depend on your nationality and the purpose of your visit. Generally, visitors from most countries are required to obtain a visa before entering Tanzania. Here are some common visa requirements for moving to Tanzania:
– Tourist Visa: If you are planning to visit Tanzania for tourism purposes, you can apply for a tourist visa which allows you to stay in the country for a specified period. This visa can usually be obtained upon arrival at the airport or border crossing, or in advance from a Tanzanian embassy or consulate.
– Work Permit: If you are moving to Tanzania for employment purposes, you will need to apply for a work permit. This involves obtaining a job offer from a Tanzanian employer and going through the necessary procedures to secure the permit.
– Business Visa: If you are traveling to Tanzania for business reasons, you may need to apply for a business visa. This allows you to engage in business activities in the country for a specified period.
– Residence Permit: For individuals looking to move to Tanzania on a long-term basis, such as retirees or investors, a residence permit is required. This involves providing documentation proving the purpose of your stay and meeting the financial requirements set by the Tanzanian government.
It is advisable to check with the Tanzanian embassy or consulate in your country for the most up-to-date information on visa requirements and application procedures before planning your move to Tanzania.
2. What are the best cities to live in Tanzania?
There are several cities in Tanzania that offer a good quality of life and various amenities for residents. Some of the best cities to live in Tanzania include:
1. Dar es Salaam: As the largest city in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam is known for its vibrant atmosphere, diverse cultural scene, and bustling economy. It offers a range of job opportunities, entertainment options, and international cuisine.
2. Arusha: Located near Mount Kilimanjaro and the Serengeti National Park, Arusha is a popular choice for expatriates and nature enthusiasts. The city has a pleasant climate, lower cost of living compared to Dar es Salaam, and proximity to some of Tanzania’s most famous natural attractions.
3. Zanzibar City: The capital of the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar, Zanzibar City is a historical and cultural hub with stunning beaches, unique architecture, and a laid-back island lifestyle. It is ideal for those looking for a mix of urban conveniences and beachfront living.
4. Mwanza: Situated along the shores of Lake Victoria, Mwanza is a major commercial center and gateway to several national parks in the region. The city offers a relaxed atmosphere, affordable housing options, and stunning views of the lake.
Ultimately, the best city to live in Tanzania will depend on individual preferences, such as lifestyle, career opportunities, climate, and proximity to natural attractions. It is essential to consider these factors when choosing a city to relocate to in Tanzania.
3. How is the cost of living in Tanzania compared to other countries?
1. The cost of living in Tanzania is generally lower compared to many Western countries and other developed nations. The affordability of goods and services in Tanzania is influenced by various factors such as the exchange rate, inflation rate, local wages, and overall economic conditions. Generally, basic necessities such as food, transportation, and accommodation are more affordable in Tanzania compared to places like the United States or European countries.
2. However, it is important to note that the cost of living can vary significantly within Tanzania itself, with urban areas like Dar es Salaam and Arusha typically having higher living costs compared to rural areas. Additionally, the lifestyle and preferences of an individual can also greatly impact their cost of living in Tanzania. Expatriates and foreigners living in Tanzania may find certain imported goods or services to be relatively more expensive compared to locals.
3. Overall, while the cost of living in Tanzania may be lower compared to many developed nations, it is essential for individuals planning to move to the country to conduct thorough research and budgeting to understand their specific financial needs and requirements. Understanding the local economy, shopping at local markets, and adapting to the Tanzanian way of life can help individuals manage their expenses and live comfortably in the country.
4. What are the best neighborhoods for expats in Tanzania?
When considering the best neighborhoods for expats in Tanzania, several factors come into play such as safety, amenities, proximity to schools and work, and overall quality of life. Here are some of the top neighborhoods that are popular among expats in Tanzania:
1. Oyster Bay: Located in Dar es Salaam, Oyster Bay is known for its upscale residential area with luxury homes, restaurants, and shopping centers. It is considered one of the safest neighborhoods in the city and offers a high standard of living.
2. Masaki: Another neighborhood in Dar es Salaam, Masaki is a thriving expat community with a mix of residential and commercial properties. It is known for its beautiful beaches, trendy cafes, and vibrant nightlife.
3. Arusha: This city in northern Tanzania is popular among expats for its proximity to the Serengeti and Mount Kilimanjaro. Many expats choose to live in neighborhoods like Njiro or Sakina, which offer a more serene and peaceful environment.
4. Mikocheni: Situated in Dar es Salaam, Mikocheni is a diverse neighborhood with a mix of expat and local residents. It offers a range of housing options, from apartments to villas, as well as easy access to schools, supermarkets, and other amenities.
Overall, the best neighborhoods for expats in Tanzania are those that offer a good balance of safety, convenience, and community. It’s important for expats to visit different neighborhoods and explore their options before making a decision on where to settle.
5. What is the healthcare system like in Tanzania?
The healthcare system in Tanzania faces various challenges, but there have been improvements in recent years. Here are some key points to consider:
1. Public healthcare: Tanzania’s healthcare system is mainly operated by the government through public healthcare facilities such as dispensaries, health centers, and hospitals. These facilities are often understaffed and under-resourced, leading to challenges in providing quality care to all citizens.
2. Private healthcare: There is also a growing private healthcare sector in Tanzania, with private hospitals and clinics offering services to those who can afford them. Private healthcare tends to be of higher quality compared to public facilities, but it is also more expensive.
3. Health insurance: The majority of Tanzanians do not have health insurance, which means they often have to pay out of pocket for healthcare services. This can be a significant barrier to accessing necessary medical care, especially for low-income individuals.
4. Traditional medicine: Traditional medicine plays a significant role in healthcare in Tanzania, with many people relying on traditional healers and herbal remedies for their healthcare needs. While traditional medicine can be beneficial in some cases, it can also lead to delays in seeking proper medical treatment.
5. Challenges: The healthcare system in Tanzania faces challenges such as inadequate funding, shortage of healthcare workers, lack of medical supplies and equipment, and unequal distribution of healthcare facilities between urban and rural areas. Efforts are being made to address these issues and improve the overall quality of healthcare in the country.
Overall, while there have been improvements in Tanzania’s healthcare system, there is still a need for further investments and reforms to ensure that all citizens have access to quality and affordable healthcare services.
6. How safe is Tanzania for expats and foreigners?
Tanzania is generally considered safe for expats and foreigners, however, like any other country, it is important to take necessary precautions to ensure personal safety. Here are some factors to consider:
1. Crime rates in urban areas, particularly in cities like Dar es Salaam and Arusha, can be relatively high compared to rural areas. Theft, pickpocketing, and petty crimes are common in crowded places, so it’s advisable to be cautious and avoid displaying valuable items in public.
2. Road safety can be a concern in Tanzania, as traffic accidents are not uncommon due to poor road conditions, reckless driving, and lack of enforcement of traffic laws. It is recommended to drive defensively, wear seat belts, and avoid traveling at night.
3. Political stability in Tanzania is generally good, however, it is essential to stay informed about the current political situation and avoid participating in any political activities as a foreigner.
4. Health risks such as malaria and other tropical diseases are prevalent in Tanzania, so it is important to take necessary precautions such as getting vaccinated and using mosquito repellent.
5. It is essential to respect the local customs, traditions, and laws in Tanzania to avoid any misunderstandings or conflicts with the local population.
In conclusion, while Tanzania is relatively safe for expats and foreigners, it is crucial to stay vigilant, be aware of your surroundings, and take necessary precautions to ensure your safety while living or traveling in the country.
7. What are the options for schooling and education in Tanzania?
In Tanzania, there are several options for schooling and education available to both locals and expatriates:
1. Public Schools: These are government-run schools that offer education from primary to secondary levels. The quality of education in public schools can vary, with some schools facing challenges such as overcrowded classrooms and limited resources.
2. Private Schools: There are also private schools in Tanzania that offer education at various levels. These schools often have smaller class sizes, better resources, and a higher quality of education compared to public schools. However, tuition fees for private schools can be quite expensive.
3. International Schools: For expatriates or locals looking for a globally-focused education, there are international schools in Tanzania. These schools follow international curricula such as the International Baccalaureate (IB) or the British or American systems. International schools generally offer high-quality education but come with high tuition fees.
4. Religious Schools: Tanzania also has religious schools, such as Islamic or Christian schools, that emphasize religious teachings alongside academic education. These schools are often run by religious organizations and cater to students from specific faith backgrounds.
5. Specialized Schools: There are specialized schools in Tanzania that focus on specific fields such as agriculture, technical skills, or the arts. These schools provide students with specialized training and education in their chosen field of study.
6. Home Schooling: While less common, home schooling is an option in Tanzania where parents take on the responsibility of educating their children at home. This can provide a tailored education experience but requires commitment and resources from the parents.
Overall, the options for schooling and education in Tanzania cater to a variety of preferences and needs, allowing individuals to choose the best fit for their educational goals and priorities.
8. How easy is it to find work in Tanzania as an expat?
Finding work in Tanzania as an expat can vary depending on your field of expertise, qualifications, and experience. Here are some factors to consider:
1. Job Market: The availability of job opportunities for expats in Tanzania can be limited in certain industries. Industries such as tourism, agriculture, and mining may offer more opportunities compared to others.
2. Work Permits: Expats will typically require a work permit to work legally in Tanzania. The process of obtaining a work permit can be complex and time-consuming, so it’s important to start this process well in advance.
3. Networking: Networking is key to finding job opportunities in Tanzania. Building connections with local businesses, expat communities, and industry associations can help you uncover hidden job prospects.
4. Language Skills: While English is widely spoken in Tanzania, knowledge of Swahili can be beneficial, especially in certain sectors and for building relationships with locals.
5. Cultural Understanding: Understanding the Tanzanian work culture and business etiquette is important for expats seeking employment opportunities. Demonstrating respect for local customs and traditions can help you build trust with potential employers.
Overall, while finding work in Tanzania as an expat may come with its challenges, with the right preparation, skills, and mindset, it is certainly possible to secure fulfilling employment opportunities in the country.
9. What is the process for renting or buying property in Tanzania?
Renting or buying property in Tanzania involves several steps that must be followed to ensure a smooth and legal transaction. Here is a general overview of the process:
1. Determine your budget and preferences: Before starting the search for a property, it is important to establish your budget and requirements such as location, size, amenities, etc.
2. Find a trustworthy real estate agent: Working with a reliable real estate agent can make the process of finding a property much easier. They can provide listings based on your preferences and assist with negotiations.
3. Conduct property search: Once you have identified a real estate agent, you can start viewing properties that meet your criteria. Make sure to visit the properties in person to assess their condition and suitability.
4. Make an offer: If you find a property that you are interested in, you can make an offer to the seller either directly or through your real estate agent. Negotiate the price and terms of the sale before proceeding further.
5. Conduct due diligence: Before finalizing the sale or rental agreement, it is important to conduct a thorough due diligence process. This involves checking the ownership documents, land titles, property history, outstanding dues, and any potential legal issues.
6. Sign the agreement: Once you are satisfied with the due diligence process, you can proceed to sign the sale or rental agreement. Make sure to review the terms and conditions carefully before signing.
7. Payment and transfer of ownership: If you are buying a property, you will need to make the payment as per the agreed terms. The property ownership will be legally transferred to you after completing all the required paperwork and registration with the relevant authorities.
8. Registration of the property: It is essential to register the property with the Tanzania Land Registry to officially transfer ownership and ensure legal protection.
9. Move into the property: Once all the legal formalities are completed, you can take possession of the property and start enjoying your new home or investment.
Keep in mind that the process of renting or buying property in Tanzania may vary depending on the specific location and type of property, so it is advisable to seek professional advice and assistance throughout the transaction.
10. What are the best ways to transport your belongings to Tanzania?
When moving to Tanzania, there are several options to consider for transporting your belongings:
1. Shipping: You can ship your belongings overseas using shipping companies that specialize in international moves. This is a convenient option for transporting larger items and furniture.
2. Air freight: If you have a smaller volume of belongings or need your items to arrive quickly, air freight can be a good option. While more expensive than shipping, air freight is faster and more reliable.
3. Moving company: Hiring a moving company that offers international moving services can help simplify the process. They can assist with packing, loading, shipping, and customs clearance.
4. Door-to-door service: Some moving companies may offer door-to-door service, where they handle all aspects of the move from your current location to your new home in Tanzania.
5. Storage: If you need to store some of your belongings before or after your move, you can also consider renting a storage unit either in your current location or in Tanzania.
Overall, the best way to transport your belongings to Tanzania will depend on your budget, timeline, and the volume of items you need to move. Researching and comparing different options will help you choose the most suitable method for your specific needs.
11. What are the cultural norms and customs to be aware of when moving to Tanzania?
When moving to Tanzania, it is important to be aware of the cultural norms and customs in order to integrate smoothly into the society. Here are some key aspects to consider:
1. Respect for elders: In Tanzanian culture, respect for elders is highly valued. It is important to greet older individuals first and show deference to them in social interactions.
2. Greetings: Greetings are an important part of Tanzanian culture. It is customary to greet people with a handshake, especially when meeting for the first time. Make sure to greet everyone in a room when entering, starting with the eldest or most important person.
3. Dress code: Tanzanians tend to dress modestly, especially in rural areas and when visiting religious sites. It is advisable to dress conservatively and avoid wearing revealing clothing.
4. Language: Swahili is the national language of Tanzania, and it is widely spoken across the country. Learning a few basic Swahili phrases can help you communicate better and show respect for the local culture.
5. Punctuality: While things may not always run on a strict schedule, it is still important to be punctual for appointments and meetings. Showing up late can be seen as disrespectful.
6. Religion: Tanzania is a diverse country with a mix of religions, including Christianity, Islam, and indigenous beliefs. It is important to be respectful of people’s religious practices and beliefs.
7. Food customs: Food plays a significant role in Tanzanian culture, and it is common to share meals with others. It is polite to accept food when offered and to try a bit of everything on your plate.
8. Etiquette in homes: When visiting someone’s home, it is customary to remove your shoes before entering. You should also bring a small gift, such as fruit or sweets, as a token of appreciation.
9. Hand gestures: Some hand gestures that are considered normal in Western culture may be offensive in Tanzania. It is best to avoid pointing with your finger and using your left hand for greetings or eating.
10. Gift-giving: Giving gifts is a common practice in Tanzanian culture, especially during festive occasions or when visiting someone’s home. It is a way to show appreciation and strengthen relationships.
By familiarizing yourself with these cultural norms and customs, you can show respect for the local traditions and make a positive impression as you settle into life in Tanzania.
12. How easy is it to open a bank account in Tanzania as an expat?
Opening a bank account in Tanzania as an expat can be a relatively straightforward process, but it may involve some specific requirements. Here are some key points to consider when opening a bank account in Tanzania as an expatriate:
1. Identification: You will need to provide valid identification, such as your passport and proof of residency in Tanzania.
2. Residential Address: You may be required to have a local residential address in Tanzania to open a bank account.
3. Work Permit: Some banks may require you to have a valid work permit or proof of employment in Tanzania.
4. Minimum Deposit: Some banks may require you to make a minimum initial deposit to open an account.
5. Multiple Currency Options: Many banks in Tanzania offer accounts in both local and foreign currencies to cater to expatriates.
6. Language Support: It can be helpful to choose a bank that offers services in English or a language you are comfortable with.
Overall, the ease of opening a bank account in Tanzania as an expat can vary depending on the specific requirements of the bank. It is recommended to contact the bank directly to inquire about their specific account opening procedures for expatriates.
13. What are the best ways to meet other expats and make friends in Tanzania?
Meeting other expats and making friends in Tanzania can be a rewarding experience, helping you adjust to your new environment and build a supportive network. Here are some of the best ways to connect with other expats in Tanzania:
1. Join expat groups and communities: There are several online platforms and social media groups dedicated to expats living in Tanzania where you can connect with like-minded individuals, ask for advice, and join social events.
2. Attend expat events and social gatherings: Many cities in Tanzania, such as Dar es Salaam and Arusha, host regular expat meetups, networking events, and cultural activities. These events are great opportunities to meet new people and expand your social circle.
3. Get involved in local clubs and organizations: Joining clubs, sports teams, or volunteer organizations in Tanzania can be a fantastic way to meet both expats and locals who share your interests and values.
4. Enroll in language classes or cultural workshops: Taking language classes or joining cultural workshops can not only help you learn about Tanzania’s culture and language but also provide you with the chance to meet other expats who are in a similar learning journey.
5. Utilize expat forums and websites: Online expat forums and websites are excellent resources for connecting with other expats, seeking advice, and sharing experiences. Websites like InterNations and Expat.com provide platforms to interact with expats in Tanzania.
6. Attend embassy events: Embassies and consulates often organize events and gatherings for their citizens living in Tanzania. These events are a great way to meet fellow expats and create a sense of community.
7. Networking through work: If you are moving to Tanzania for work, networking with your colleagues, attending industry events, and participating in work-related activities can help you meet other expats in your field.
By actively participating in these activities and being open to new experiences, you can create a strong support system and meaningful friendships with other expats in Tanzania.
14. How is the internet and connectivity in Tanzania?
Tanzania has made significant strides in improving internet and connectivity in recent years. Here are some key points to consider:
1. Internet Availability: Internet availability in Tanzania has improved over the years, especially in urban areas. Major cities like Dar es Salaam, Arusha, and Mwanza have relatively good internet coverage.
2. Mobile Connectivity: Mobile internet penetration is high in Tanzania, with most people accessing the internet through their smartphones. Mobile network operators like Vodacom, Airtel, and Tigo provide widespread coverage across the country.
3. Internet Speed: The internet speed in Tanzania varies depending on the location. While urban areas may have decent internet speeds, rural areas often experience slower connectivity.
4. Infrastructure: Tanzania has been investing in improving its internet infrastructure, including laying down fiber-optic cables to enhance connectivity. This has led to more reliable internet services in some parts of the country.
5. Challenges: Despite the improvements, there are still challenges with internet connectivity in Tanzania. Some remote areas may have limited access to the internet, and the quality of service can vary.
Overall, Tanzania is moving towards better internet connectivity, with ongoing efforts to expand coverage and improve the quality of services. Residents and expats in Tanzania can generally expect decent internet access, especially in urban centers.
15. What are the best healthcare facilities and hospitals in Tanzania?
In Tanzania, there are several reputable healthcare facilities and hospitals that provide quality medical services. Some of the best hospitals in the country include:
1. Muhimbili National Hospital: Located in Dar es Salaam, Muhimbili National Hospital is one of the largest referral hospitals in Tanzania. It offers a wide range of medical services and is well-equipped with modern facilities.
2. Aga Khan Hospital: With branches in Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Arusha, the Aga Khan Hospital is known for its high standard of medical care and state-of-the-art equipment.
3. Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC): Situated in Moshi, KCMC is a well-known hospital that provides specialized medical services and training programs.
4. Hindu Mandal Hospital: This hospital, located in Dar es Salaam, is known for its quality healthcare services and a team of experienced healthcare professionals.
5. Nairobi Hospital Dar es Salaam Clinic: Although technically located in Tanzania, this clinic is affiliated with the renowned Nairobi Hospital in Kenya and offers top-notch medical services.
It is advisable to check with your embassy or local contacts for recommendations on healthcare facilities based on your specific needs and location in Tanzania. Additionally, it is recommended to have comprehensive health insurance coverage when residing or visiting Tanzania to ensure access to quality healthcare services when needed.
16. How is the public transportation system in Tanzania?
The public transportation system in Tanzania varies greatly across different regions of the country. In major cities like Dar es Salaam, there is a well-established network of buses, minibusses, and daladalas (shared taxis) that provide affordable and accessible transportation for residents and visitors. However, these vehicles are often overcrowded and may lack proper maintenance, leading to safety concerns.
1. The quality of public transportation outside major cities is generally poor, with limited options available in more rural or remote areas.
2. In some regions, motorcycle taxis, known as boda-bodas, are a popular and convenient mode of transportation, although safety standards can vary.
3. The government has made efforts to improve public transportation infrastructure, such as the construction of new bus rapid transit systems in major cities, but challenges remain in terms of funding and enforcement of regulations.
Overall, while public transportation in Tanzania can be convenient and cost-effective in urban centers, visitors should be prepared for potentially crowded and less reliable services in more remote areas. It is advisable to plan your journeys ahead of time and exercise caution when using public transportation in Tanzania.
17. What are the best recreational activities and social opportunities in Tanzania?
Tanzania offers a wide range of recreational activities and social opportunities for both locals and expatriates. Some of the best activities to engage in include:
1. Safari Tours: Tanzania is renowned for its wildlife and national parks such as the Serengeti, Ngorongoro Crater, and Tarangire. Going on safari tours is a popular recreational activity that allows you to see a diverse range of animals in their natural habitat.
2. Beach Relaxation: The coastal regions of Tanzania, specifically Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam, offer stunning beaches where you can relax, swim, snorkel, and enjoy water sports.
3. Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro: For adventure enthusiasts, climbing Africa’s highest peak, Mount Kilimanjaro, is a once-in-a-lifetime experience. It’s a challenging but rewarding trek that provides breathtaking views.
4. Cultural Experiences: Tanzania is home to diverse ethnic groups, each with its unique traditions and customs. Engaging in cultural activities like visiting local markets, attending tribal ceremonies, and trying traditional food can offer insights into the rich heritage of the country.
5. Social Opportunities: Tanzania has a vibrant social scene with bustling markets, lively music festivals, and events that bring people together. Additionally, joining social clubs, volunteering for community projects, and participating in local sports can help you connect with both locals and other expats.
Overall, Tanzania offers a plethora of recreational activities and social opportunities that cater to various interests, making it a vibrant and exciting place to live or visit.
18. What are the language requirements for living in Tanzania?
The official language of Tanzania is Swahili, with English also widely spoken and used in formal settings such as business, government, and education. For individuals planning to live in Tanzania, having a basic understanding of Swahili can greatly enhance communication and integration into the local community. Some recommended steps to meet the language requirements for living in Tanzania include:
1. Taking formal language classes: Enrolling in Swahili language courses either online or in-person can provide a structured learning environment and help develop proficiency in the language.
2. Utilizing language learning apps: Apps such as Duolingo, Rosetta Stone, or Babbel offer convenient ways to practice Swahili at your own pace.
3. Immersing yourself in the local culture: Engaging with native speakers, watching Swahili movies or TV shows, and listening to Swahili music can all help improve language skills and cultural understanding.
4. Hiring a language tutor: Working one-on-one with a Swahili tutor can provide personalized instruction and feedback to accelerate the learning process.
By investing time and effort into learning Swahili, individuals can better navigate daily interactions, build relationships, and fully experience the rich cultural diversity that Tanzania has to offer.
19. How is the weather and climate in Tanzania?
Tanzania generally experiences a tropical climate due to its proximity to the equator. The country has two main seasons: a wet season and a dry season. Here are some key points to consider:
1. Wet Season: The wet season typically occurs from March to May, with heavy rainfall and high humidity. This is considered the ‘long rains’ period.
2. Dry Season: The dry season runs from June to October, where temperatures are generally cooler and rainfall is minimal. This period is also known as the ‘cold season’.
3. Hot Season: From November to February, Tanzania experiences a hot season with temperatures rising, particularly in the coastal areas.
Overall, the climate in Tanzania varies depending on the region, with coastal areas being more humid and experiencing hotter temperatures, while inland regions such as the Serengeti may have cooler temperatures. It’s important to consider these climate patterns when planning your visit or relocation to Tanzania.
20. What are the best ways to integrate into Tanzanian society as an expat?
To successfully integrate into Tanzanian society as an expat, there are several key strategies you can employ:
1. Learn the Language: Swahili is the national language of Tanzania, so making an effort to learn at least the basics will greatly help you communicate with locals and foster better relationships.
2. Respect Local Customs: Tanzanians value respect and politeness, so be mindful of cultural norms such as greetings, dress codes, and social etiquette. Taking the time to understand and respect these customs will show that you are making an effort to integrate.
3. Build Relationships: Tanzanians are known for their warmth and hospitality, so taking the time to build genuine relationships with locals can greatly enhance your integration experience. Participating in community events, joining clubs or organizations, and networking with locals can help you feel more connected to the community.
4. Embrace the Culture: Immersing yourself in Tanzanian culture by trying local foods, attending cultural events, and learning about the country’s history and traditions can deepen your understanding and appreciation of your new home.
5. Be Open-Minded: Keep an open mind and be willing to adapt to the local way of life. Embrace the challenges and differences you may encounter, and approach them with a positive attitude. Flexibility and a willingness to learn from your experiences will go a long way in helping you integrate into Tanzanian society as an expat.
By following these strategies and actively engaging with the local community, you can successfully integrate into Tanzanian society and make the most of your expat experience in the country.