1. What are the most popular modes of public transportation in South Korea?
The most popular modes of public transportation in South Korea are:
1. Seoul Metropolitan Subway: The Seoul Metropolitan Subway is the most heavily used rapid transit system in South Korea, serving the capital city and its surrounding metropolitan area. It consists of multiple lines connecting various parts of the city and is known for its efficiency, cleanliness, and extensive coverage.
2. Intercity Buses: Intercity buses are a popular mode of transportation for longer distances between cities in South Korea. These buses are comfortable, affordable, and run on a frequent schedule, making them a convenient option for travelers looking to explore different parts of the country.
3. KTX High-Speed Rail: The Korea Train Express (KTX) is a high-speed rail system that connects major cities in South Korea, such as Seoul, Busan, and Incheon. The KTX trains are known for their speed, comfort, and punctuality, making them a popular choice for passengers traveling between cities within a short period.
4. City Buses: City buses are a widely used form of public transportation within urban areas in South Korea. They provide a cost-effective and convenient way for residents and visitors to navigate through cities and access various destinations.
Overall, South Korea has a well-developed public transportation system that offers a wide range of options to suit the needs of different travelers, making it easy and efficient to get around the country.
2. How efficient is the public transportation system in South Korea compared to other countries?
The public transportation system in South Korea is widely regarded as one of the most efficient in the world. There are several factors that contribute to this efficiency:
1. Extensive coverage: South Korea has a well-developed and extensive public transportation network that covers both urban and rural areas. This includes buses, subways, trains, and intercity buses, providing passengers with various options for getting around the country.
2. Frequency and reliability: Public transportation in South Korea is known for its high frequency and punctuality. Subways and buses operate at regular intervals throughout the day, ensuring that passengers do not have to wait long for their transportation.
3. Integrated ticketing system: South Korea has an integrated transportation card system, such as T-money, that allows passengers to easily transfer between different modes of transportation without having to purchase separate tickets. This convenience enhances the overall efficiency of the public transportation system.
4. Technology integration: South Korea has also embraced technology in its public transportation system, with features such as real-time arrival information, mobile ticketing, and contactless payment options. These advancements contribute to a smoother and more efficient commuting experience for passengers.
Overall, the public transportation system in South Korea stands out for its efficiency, reliability, and convenience, making it a model for other countries to emulate.
3. What are some of the key features of the subway system in Seoul?
The subway system in Seoul is known for its efficiency, convenience, and extensive coverage throughout the city. Some key features of the Seoul subway system include:
1. Extensive coverage: The subway system in Seoul consists of over 20 lines that cover nearly every part of the city, making it easy for residents and tourists to navigate Seoul.
2. Modern and well-maintained trains: The trains in Seoul are modern, clean, and well-maintained, providing commuters with a comfortable and pleasant experience during their journey.
3. Easy transfer options: Many subway stations in Seoul offer convenient transfer options between different lines, allowing passengers to easily switch trains to reach their destination without any hassle.
4. Multilingual signage and announcements: To cater to foreign visitors, many subway stations in Seoul have signage and announcements in multiple languages, including English, Chinese, and Japanese, making it easier for international travelers to navigate the system.
5. Affordable fares and convenient payment methods: The fares for the Seoul subway system are affordable, and passengers can pay using various methods, including transportation cards and mobile payment options, making it convenient for daily commuters.
4. How widespread is the use of buses in South Korea, and what are some tips for using them?
Buses are a widely popular mode of transportation in South Korea, with an extensive network covering both urban and rural areas. Here are some key points regarding the use of buses in South Korea:
1. Coverage: Buses in South Korea provide comprehensive coverage, connecting major cities, towns, and even remote areas. This makes them a convenient and accessible mode of transportation for both locals and tourists.
2. Accessibility: Most buses in South Korea are equipped with accessibility features for elderly and disabled passengers, such as ramps and designated seating areas.
3. Payment: In most cities, bus fares are typically paid using a transportation card called T-money or a rechargeable transportation card that can be used across various modes of public transport. Cash payment is also accepted on buses, but having a transportation card is more convenient.
4. Tips for using buses:
a. Plan your route in advance using online route maps or transportation apps to ensure you take the correct bus.
b. Arrive at the bus stop a few minutes early, as buses in South Korea are known for their punctuality.
c. Buses in South Korea have route information in both Korean and English, making it easier for foreign travelers to navigate.
d. When boarding the bus, enter through the front door and exit through the rear door to allow for smooth boarding and alighting.
e. Press the stop button or pull the cord before reaching your destination to signal the driver to stop.
Overall, buses in South Korea are a convenient and efficient mode of transportation, offering passengers a reliable way to get around the country. By following these tips, passengers can make the most of their bus travel experience in South Korea.
5. Are there any alternative modes of transportation, such as cycling or walking, that are popular in South Korea?
Yes, there are alternative modes of transportation popular in South Korea aside from public transit.
1. Cycling is a popular choice for short to medium distance commutes in urban areas and also for recreational purposes. Many cities in South Korea have dedicated bike lanes and rental services, making it convenient for individuals to choose cycling as a means of transportation.
2. Walking is also a common mode of transportation, especially for short distances within neighborhoods or around busy areas where traffic congestion is an issue. South Korea’s well-maintained sidewalks and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure make walking a safe and efficient option for many people.
Both cycling and walking contribute to promoting a healthier lifestyle, reducing traffic congestion, and lowering carbon emissions, which align with the country’s efforts to promote sustainable transportation options. However, it’s important to note that the popularity of these alternative modes of transportation may vary depending on the region and the availability of infrastructure to support them.
6. How accessible is public transportation for individuals with disabilities in South Korea?
Public transportation in South Korea is generally quite accessible for individuals with disabilities, as the government has made significant efforts to improve accessibility in recent years. Here are some key points to consider:
1. Wheelchair Accessibility: Many buses and subway stations in major cities are equipped with ramps and elevators to assist individuals in wheelchairs. Additionally, designated spaces are provided on buses and trains for wheelchair users.
2. Audio Announcements and Visual Displays: Public transport systems in South Korea often have audio announcements and visual displays to provide information for passengers with visual or hearing impairments.
3. Priority Seating: Priority seating is available on buses and trains for individuals with disabilities, as well as pregnant women, seniors, and individuals with young children.
4. Assistance Services: Transport staff are trained to assist passengers with disabilities, and there are also services available to help individuals travel safely and comfortably.
Overall, public transportation in South Korea is relatively accessible for individuals with disabilities, but there are always areas for improvement to ensure greater inclusivity and convenience for all passengers.
7. What are some of the major infrastructure projects currently underway to improve public transportation in South Korea?
Some of the major infrastructure projects currently underway to improve public transportation in South Korea include:
1. Shin Kori-Haadong high-speed railway project: This project aims to construct a new high-speed railway line connecting the cities of Ulsan and Busan in the southeastern part of the country, reducing travel time and improving connectivity in the region.
2. Incheon International Airport Terminal 2 expansion: The expansion of Terminal 2 at Incheon International Airport includes the addition of a new concourse and facilities to accommodate the growing number of passengers using the airport, enhancing its role as a major transportation hub in East Asia.
3. Busan Metro Line 5 extension: The extension of Busan Metro Line 5 will connect additional neighborhoods and districts in Busan, improving accessibility for residents and reducing congestion on existing transportation routes.
4. Seoul Metropolitan Subway Line 9 extension: The extension of Line 9 in Seoul will provide a new transportation option for residents living in the southwestern part of the city, enhancing connectivity and reducing travel times for commuters.
5. Gyeongbu High-Speed Railway extension: The extension of the Gyeongbu High-Speed Railway will link the cities of Daegu and Busan, improving transportation options for passengers traveling between major urban centers in South Korea.
These infrastructure projects demonstrate the South Korean government’s commitment to enhancing public transportation networks and promoting sustainable transportation options for its citizens.
8. How does the pricing structure for public transportation work in South Korea?
In South Korea, the pricing structure for public transportation typically varies depending on the mode of transport and distance traveled. Here is an overview of how the pricing structure generally works:
1. Subway: In major cities like Seoul and Busan, the subway system operates on distance-based fares. The fare is calculated based on the distance traveled, with different fare zones determining the cost. Passengers use a transportation card called T-money or a single-use ticket to pay for their journey.
2. Buses: Like the subway system, buses also have distance-based fares in South Korea. The fare is calculated based on the distance traveled, and passengers can pay using their T-money card or cash when boarding the bus. Some cities also offer flat-rate bus fares for short trips within a certain distance.
3. Intercity Buses and Trains: For longer-distance travel between cities, intercity buses and trains have fixed fares based on the distance between the origin and destination. Passengers can purchase tickets at the station or online, and prices may vary depending on the type of service (express, standard, etc.).
4. Discounts and Special Cards: South Korea offers various discounts and special cards for frequent travelers, students, seniors, and people with disabilities. These discounts can help reduce the cost of public transportation for eligible individuals.
Overall, the pricing structure for public transportation in South Korea aims to provide convenient and affordable options for commuters while also encouraging the use of public transit as a sustainable mode of transport.
9. What are some of the challenges faced by the public transportation system in South Korea?
One of the key challenges faced by the public transportation system in South Korea is congestion. The major cities like Seoul experience heavy traffic congestion during peak hours, leading to delays and inefficiencies in the public transportation network. This congestion not only affects the bus and subway systems but also impacts other modes of transport such as taxis and private cars.
Another challenge is maintaining a balance between different modes of transportation. While South Korea has a well-developed subway system and bus network, there is a growing trend towards private car ownership, leading to increased traffic congestion and environmental issues. Encouraging more sustainable modes of transport such as cycling and walking is crucial to address this imbalance.
Additionally, ensuring accessibility for all members of society, including the elderly and disabled, remains a challenge. While efforts have been made to improve accessibility through the installation of elevators and ramps in subway stations, more needs to be done to create a truly inclusive and accessible public transportation system.
Furthermore, funding and financial sustainability are ongoing challenges for the public transportation system in South Korea. Balancing the need for affordable fares with the costs of maintaining and expanding the infrastructure poses a dilemma for transportation authorities. Securing adequate funding to meet the growing demand for public transportation while ensuring financial sustainability remains a significant challenge for the sector.
Overall, addressing these challenges will require a multi-faceted approach that involves improved urban planning, investments in infrastructure, and policies that promote sustainable and inclusive transportation options for all members of society.
10. How does South Korea promote the use of public transportation and reduce reliance on private cars?
South Korea promotes the use of public transportation and reduces reliance on private cars through various strategies:
1. Extensive and Efficient Public Transportation Systems: South Korea has a well-developed and efficient public transportation network, including subways, buses, and trains. These systems are interconnected and cover major cities and regions, providing convenient and affordable options for commuters.
2. Infrastructure Development: The government invests significantly in improving and expanding public transportation infrastructure, such as building new subway lines, bus lanes, and bike paths. This makes public transport more accessible and attractive to residents.
3. Subsidies and Discounts: The government offers various subsidies and discounts to encourage people to use public transportation, such as discounted fares for students, seniors, and low-income individuals. This helps make public transport more affordable compared to driving a private car.
4. Car-Free Zones and Pedestrian-Friendly Initiatives: South Korea has implemented car-free zones and pedestrian-friendly initiatives in urban areas to reduce congestion, improve air quality, and promote walking and cycling as alternative modes of transportation.
5. Car Sharing and Bike Sharing Programs: South Korea also promotes car-sharing and bike-sharing programs to provide convenient and sustainable transportation options for residents. These programs reduce the need for private car ownership and encourage people to use public transportation instead.
Overall, South Korea’s approach to promoting public transportation and reducing reliance on private cars involves a combination of infrastructure development, incentives, and policies to make public transport more attractive and convenient for residents.
11. Are there any unique or innovative public transportation services in South Korea that are worth mentioning?
Yes, South Korea is known for its efficient and advanced public transportation system. Some unique and innovative services worth mentioning include:
1. Maglev Train: South Korea is home to the Incheon Airport Maglev, a magnetic levitation train that connects Incheon International Airport to Yongyu Station. This cutting-edge transportation system operates without wheels and is known for its speed and energy efficiency.
2. Seoul’s T-money System: The T-money card is a contactless smart card that can be used for payment on various modes of public transportation in Seoul, including buses, subways, and taxis. It also offers discounts and can be used for purchases at convenience stores and vending machines.
3. Bike-sharing Programs: South Korea has implemented bike-sharing programs in major cities like Seoul and Busan, allowing residents and tourists to easily rent bicycles for short trips. These programs promote eco-friendly transportation options and help reduce traffic congestion.
4. Han River Ferries: In Seoul, residents and visitors can enjoy scenic ferry rides along the Han River. These ferries serve both as a mode of transportation and a leisure activity, offering a unique perspective of the city’s skyline and landmarks.
Overall, South Korea’s public transportation services showcase a combination of technological innovation and environmental sustainability, making commuting in the country convenient and enjoyable.
12. How does the public transportation system in South Korea handle emergencies and disruptions?
In South Korea, the public transportation system is well-equipped to handle emergencies and disruptions efficiently to ensure the safety and convenience of passengers. Here are some key ways in which the system manages emergencies:
1. Advanced Technology: South Korea’s public transportation system leverages advanced technology to monitor for any potential disruptions or emergencies. This includes real-time tracking of vehicles, CCTV cameras, and automatic alert systems.
2. Emergency Response Teams: Transport authorities in South Korea have dedicated emergency response teams in place to quickly address any issues that may arise on the public transportation network. These teams are trained to handle various scenarios, such as accidents, medical emergencies, or natural disasters.
3. Communication Systems: Clear communication is essential during emergencies, and the public transportation system in South Korea utilizes various communication channels to keep passengers informed. This includes broadcast announcements, digital displays at stations, and social media updates.
4. Alternative Routes and Transport: In the event of disruptions or delays, the public transportation system in South Korea is prepared to implement alternative routes or modes of transport to minimize inconvenience for passengers. This could involve providing shuttle buses, arranging for temporary transfers, or rerouting services.
5. Comprehensive Safety Measures: South Korea places a strong emphasis on safety within its public transportation system, with regular inspections, maintenance, and safety drills conducted to prevent emergencies from occurring in the first place.
Overall, the public transportation system in South Korea is well-prepared to handle emergencies and disruptions through a combination of technology, rapid response teams, effective communication, alternative transport options, and proactive safety measures.
13. What role does technology play in enhancing the public transportation experience in South Korea?
Technology plays a crucial role in enhancing the public transportation experience in South Korea in several ways:
1. Real-Time Information: Technology provides real-time updates on bus and subway schedules, allowing commuters to plan their journeys efficiently and minimize waiting times.
2. Mobile Apps: Various mobile applications allow users to access transportation information, including routes, schedules, and service disruptions easily. These apps also provide features such as trip planning, fare calculation, and even the option to purchase tickets electronically.
3. Contactless Payments: South Korea has adopted contactless payment systems such as T-money and mobile payment options, making it convenient for passengers to pay for their fares without the need for physical cash or cards.
4. Smart Transit Cards: Smart transit cards like T-money and Cashbee can be used across different modes of transportation, including buses, subways, and taxis, offering a seamless and integrated payment experience.
5. Transfer Assistance: Technology assists passengers in navigating complex transfer points by providing guidance on the fastest routes and transfer options, making interchanging between different modes of transportation more accessible.
6. Safety Features: CCTV cameras, emergency call buttons, and GPS tracking systems enhance the safety and security of passengers using public transportation in South Korea.
7. Eco-Friendly Initiatives: Technology enables the implementation of eco-friendly measures such as electric buses and smart traffic management systems, reducing emissions and promoting sustainable transportation solutions.
Overall, technology plays a pivotal role in improving the efficiency, convenience, safety, and sustainability of the public transportation system in South Korea, ultimately enhancing the overall passenger experience.
14. How does South Korea prioritize sustainability and environmental considerations in its public transportation infrastructure?
South Korea places a high priority on sustainability and environmental considerations in its public transportation infrastructure in several key ways:
1. Expansion of public transportation networks: South Korea has been continually expanding its public transportation networks, including subway systems, high-speed rail, and bus rapid transit (BRT) systems. By providing efficient and convenient public transportation options, the government aims to reduce reliance on private vehicles and decrease overall carbon emissions.
2. Investment in green technologies: The country has made significant investments in green technologies for public transportation, such as electric buses and trains. South Korea aims to gradually replace older, fossil fuel-dependent vehicles with eco-friendly alternatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality.
3. Integration of smart technology: South Korea has been at the forefront of incorporating smart technology into its public transportation systems, including real-time tracking, payment systems, and route optimization. By leveraging technology, the government aims to improve efficiency, reduce congestion, and minimize environmental impact.
4. Promotion of cycling and walking: In addition to traditional public transportation modes, South Korea has been promoting cycling and walking infrastructure in urban areas. The construction of bike lanes, pedestrian-friendly streets, and shared mobility services encourages sustainable modes of transport and reduces the overall carbon footprint.
Overall, South Korea’s emphasis on sustainability and environmental considerations in its public transportation infrastructure demonstrates a commitment to reducing carbon emissions, improving air quality, and creating a more livable and eco-friendly urban environment.
15. What are some of the cultural norms or etiquette rules to be aware of when using public transportation in South Korea?
When using public transportation in South Korea, it is important to be mindful of the cultural norms and etiquette rules to ensure a smooth and respectful experience for yourself and others:
1. Queueing: South Koreans value order and respect queues. When waiting for the bus or subway, make sure to form a line and wait your turn. Cutting in line is considered rude and can lead to disapproving glances from locals.
2. Offer seats: It is customary to offer your seat to the elderly, pregnant women, and people with disabilities. There are designated priority seats for these individuals, so be ready to give up your seat if needed.
3. Keep quiet: South Koreans generally prefer a quiet and peaceful atmosphere on public transportation. Avoid talking loudly on the phone or engaging in disruptive behavior, such as playing music without headphones.
4. Mind personal space: Personal space is valued in South Korea, so try to avoid standing too close to others or invading their space. Be conscious of your belongings and make sure not to take up extra seats with bags or items.
5. Exit availability: When approaching your stop, move towards the exits in advance to make it easier for others to disembark. Be mindful of the flow of passengers getting on and off the vehicle.
By adhering to these cultural norms and etiquette rules, you can navigate South Korea’s public transportation system with ease and respect for local customs.
16. How does the public transportation system in South Korea cater to tourists and non-Korean speakers?
The public transportation system in South Korea is well-equipped to cater to tourists and non-Korean speakers in several ways:
1. Multilingual signage: Many major transportation hubs, such as subway stations and bus stops, display signs in multiple languages, including English, Chinese, and Japanese, to help foreign visitors navigate the system easily.
2. English announcements: In the Seoul subway system and on intercity buses, announcements are often made in English in addition to Korean, providing important information to non-Korean speakers.
3. Foreigner-friendly transportation cards: Tourists can easily purchase and use transportation cards like the T-money card, which can be topped up and used on various modes of transportation throughout the country.
4. Tourist information centers: In major cities like Seoul and Busan, there are tourist information centers located at transportation hubs where travelers can receive assistance in English and other languages regarding routes, fares, and more.
5. Mobile apps and websites: There are mobile apps and websites available in English that provide real-time information on public transportation schedules, routes, and service updates, making it easier for tourists to plan their journeys.
Overall, the public transportation system in South Korea goes to great lengths to accommodate tourists and non-Korean speakers, ensuring a smooth and hassle-free travel experience for all.
17. What are some of the key differences between public transportation in urban and rural areas of South Korea?
Public transportation in urban and rural areas of South Korea have some key differences:
1. Frequency and Coverage: Public transportation in urban areas, such as in Seoul and Busan, tend to have higher frequency of buses, subways, and trains due to the high population density. In rural areas, the frequency of transportation services may be lower and the coverage of routes may be more limited.
2. Mode of Transportation: Urban areas have a variety of transportation modes available, including subways, buses, and taxis, providing a wider range of options for commuters. In rural areas, buses and inter-city trains are more common, with fewer options for commuters.
3. Infrastructure: Urban areas have well-developed transportation infrastructure, with modern stations, signage, and digital systems for easy navigation. Rural areas may have less developed infrastructure, with older stations and limited facilities.
4. Traffic Congestion: Urban areas often face heavy traffic congestion, leading to longer travel times and delays for public transportation. In contrast, rural areas typically have less traffic congestion, resulting in smoother and quicker journeys.
5. Population Density: The high population density in urban areas necessitates a more robust and efficient public transportation system to cater to the needs of the large number of commuters. In rural areas, the lower population density means that public transportation services may be less frequent and have fewer passengers.
Overall, the differences in public transportation between urban and rural areas of South Korea reflect the varying needs and priorities of residents in these distinct settings.
18. How does South Korea address issues of congestion and overcrowding on public transportation?
South Korea has implemented various strategies to address issues of congestion and overcrowding on public transportation. Some of these include:
1. Efficient and extensive public transportation network: South Korea has a well-developed public transportation system that includes subways, buses, and trains covering major cities and regions. This extensive network helps distribute passenger flow and reduce congestion on specific routes.
2. Integrated transportation systems: South Korea has integrated various modes of public transportation, such as subways, buses, and trains, with transfer points allowing passengers to easily switch between different modes of transport. This integration reduces overcrowding on specific modes and routes.
3. Seoul’s Transportation Demand Management (TDM) policies: The government of Seoul has implemented Traffic Demand Management (TDM) policies, such as congestion pricing, designated bus lanes, and incentivizing off-peak travel, to reduce congestion during peak hours and distribute passenger flow more evenly throughout the day.
4. Investment in infrastructure: South Korea continually invests in expanding and enhancing its public transportation infrastructure, such as building new subway lines, increasing bus frequencies, and improving facilities at transportation hubs. These efforts help accommodate the growing demand for public transportation and alleviate congestion.
5. Technology adoption: South Korea leverages technology to improve the efficiency of public transportation, including real-time tracking systems, electronic ticketing, and communication systems. These technological advancements help optimize transportation operations and provide passengers with up-to-date information, improving overall system performance and reducing congestion.
Overall, South Korea employs a multi-faceted approach combining infrastructure development, policy interventions, and technological advancements to address issues of congestion and overcrowding on public transportation effectively.
19. Are there any specific policies or regulations that have been implemented to improve public transportation in South Korea?
Yes, there are several specific policies and regulations that have been implemented in South Korea to improve public transportation systems:
1. Integrated Fare System: South Korea has implemented an integrated fare system that allows commuters to easily transfer between different modes of transportation using a single payment method, such as a transportation card or smartphone app. This helps streamline the overall transit experience and encourages more people to use public transportation.
2. Investment in Infrastructure: The South Korean government has made significant investments in expanding and upgrading public transportation infrastructure, including the construction of new subway lines, bus rapid transit systems, and dedicated lanes for buses and bicycles. This has helped reduce congestion, improve efficiency, and provide better access to transit options for residents.
3. Green Transportation Initiatives: South Korea has introduced various green transportation initiatives, such as the introduction of electric buses and the expansion of bicycle-sharing programs. These efforts aim to reduce carbon emissions, improve air quality, and promote sustainable transportation options across the country.
4. Priority Seating Policies: To ensure accessibility for elderly, pregnant women, and people with disabilities, South Korea has strict priority seating policies on public transportation. These policies help create a more inclusive and comfortable environment for all passengers.
5. Service Quality Standards: The government has implemented service quality standards for public transportation operators to ensure that they provide reliable, safe, and efficient services to the public. This includes measures such as on-time performance targets, cleanliness standards, and customer service training for staff.
Overall, these policies and regulations play a crucial role in enhancing the public transportation experience in South Korea and promoting the use of sustainable and efficient transit options.
20. What are some of the future trends and developments that we can expect to see in the public transportation sector in South Korea?
In South Korea, we can expect to see several trends and developments in the public transportation sector in the near future.
1. Expansion of high-speed rail networks: South Korea has been a pioneer in high-speed rail technology with the KTX system. The country is likely to continue expanding and improving its high-speed rail networks to connect more cities and regions efficiently.
2. Integration of smart technology: South Korea is known for its advanced technology, and we can expect to see more integration of smart technology in public transportation. This includes things like contactless payment systems, real-time tracking of buses and trains, and improved passenger information systems.
3. Focus on sustainability: With a growing emphasis on environmental sustainability, we can expect to see more eco-friendly initiatives in public transportation. This may include the introduction of more electric buses, the development of bike-sharing programs at transit stations, and increased usage of renewable energy sources in transport.
4. Enhanced accessibility: South Korea is likely to continue improving accessibility in public transportation for elderly and disabled passengers. This may involve the installation of more elevator and escalator facilities in subway stations, as well as better signaling and wayfinding systems for those with visual impairments.
5. Multi-modal transportation options: To provide more seamless travel experiences, we can expect to see increased integration of various forms of transportation, such as buses, subways, trains, and even shared mobility services like car-sharing and ride-hailing apps.
Overall, these trends and developments suggest a future for public transportation in South Korea that is more efficient, sustainable, and passenger-friendly.